Catcher in the Rye Essay Characterization - 1064 Words

By: Ella Goldberg Characterization Being different is difficult, especially when you’re a teenager. It’s not easy being singled out and feeling like the bad apple. Standing apart from others can be hard and takes courage. Society does not appreciate misfits, especially trouble makers who don’t make any effort to succeed. There is nothing wrong with being different and standing up for what you believe in but Holden goes about it in an arrogant way. It’s as if he sets himself apart from his peers on purpose because he does not want to be phony, just like them. Holden sees a major part of the people in his life as phony, which he tries to isolate himself from, this in turn makes him quite antisocial in every aspect of his life. Holden†¦show more content†¦In the end, he just makes his own life harder because no one is there when he needs someone â€Å"the trouble was, though, my address book only has about three people in it† (Salinger 136). But it seems Holden does not realize he is doing this to himself. In conclusion Holden is antisocial in every aspect of his life, setting himself apart at school at home and even with friends. Being different is not ideal for most people, but Holden does not seem to mind. The only problem is he goes about it with negativity by isolating himself from his peers and thinking he is different from everyone than he actually is. Citation Salinger, J. D. The Catcher in the Rye. Boston: Little, Brown, 1951. Print. Pre Essay Reflection Goals to achieve while working on my essay: 1. Work on time management 2. Work on the structure 3. Don’t get off topic Post Essay Reflection During this essay I set out to achieve the goals of working on time management, the structure of my essay and staying on topic. I think I accomplished these goals pretty well because I made sure I dedicated time to working on it therefore I got it done on time. I made sure the structure of this essay was better planned out than my last one. My other goal was to ensure I did not drift and get off topic during my essay. I have had trouble in the past with this but I carefully planned out what I wrote and did a rough copy so thisShow MoreRelatedThe Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1005 Words   |  5 PagesHolden Caulfield, the protagonist of J.D. Salinger’s classic coming of age tale The Catcher in the Rye, entices readers through his hyper-critical scrutinization of the post-war consumer world. The novel itself is acclaimed to be quite autobiographical; the similarities between Salinger and Holden are numerous. Holden is an avid critic of materialist ic American ideals, and he aims to preserve innocence in others, and to save himself from falling into the land of adulthood. 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Obituary If I Lived To Be 90 Example

Essays on Obituary If I Lived To Be 90 Article OBITUARY FOR STEVE ANTHONY BAUMAN Obituary for Steve Anthony Bauman Celebration of a life well lived Source: http www.puppiesandflowers.comSteve Anthony Bauman28 August, 1966 – 20 December 2056Defiance County - Steve Anthony Bauman, 1990, peacefully and untimely passed on, on Wednesday 20, 2056 at the Presbyterian Hospital New York after a brief illness.He lives with his son John James Bauman, 48; his daughter-in-law, Helena James and his grandchildren Sean James, Steve James, and Clare James.Steve Anthony Bauman was born and raised in Defiance; he was the son of Sean Bauman James and Pauline Lindsey James. He was a lifelong residence of Defiance.In his early years, Steve Anthony Bauman would help his father in his garage, Bauman mechanics. After graduating from Blue State Mountain High School 1982, Bauman was admitted to Clark University, where he graduated with a Bachelor’s degree in Forensic Psychology in 1986. Later that year, Steve Anthony Bauman got recruited to t he Military Academy as a cadet, where he later, 1989, graduated and was admitted as a member of the Military Corps.Bauman met his wife Helena Bauman in a wedding ceremony at a local church and later, in 1996, they were joined in a holy matrimony. Steve Bauman served his country selflessly in the Army in various positions until in 2006, when he was promoted to a Sergeant. He was later elevated to the rank of Major, a position he humbly and diligently held until when he retired in 2010, after a 21 years selfless service to his country in the military.In 2013, Steve Bauman founded and started Steve Bauman and Associates, a Forensic Psychology firm in Defiance. Steve Bauman did not only take pride in his business, but sincerely relished those friends and colleagues that he made during this period. Over the years, Bauman’s expertise, experience and reputation in Forensic Psychology made him to be recognized and consulted by the FBI, in some of their major cases.Mr. Bauman had a pa ssion for animals, something he dearly took pride in and was an avid dog trainer in Defiance. He enrolled his award winning British Bull dogs into dog shows; this earned him several prestigious awards and ribbons.Bauman was also a passionate golfer and was an adored and well respected, renowned member of the Defiance Golf Club and the Pinehurst Country Club. He was a member of the board of directors for the Defiance Golf club, and his forensic psychology firm, Steve Bauman and Associate.A funeral Service was held December 22 from Star Funeral Home of Defiance, with a private burial.

Native Americans of Chesapeake Bay Free Essays

The Native American group in the Chesapeake Bay region was known collectively as the Powhatan Federation of Indians. Powhatan also refers to the Algonquin Indian chief that lived and ruled in the region around the early 17th century. The Algonquians were a deeply religious group of people subsisted primarily through agriculture. We will write a custom essay sample on Native Americans of Chesapeake Bay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The natives referred to the area as Tsenacommacah. Powhatan was the weroance, or chief ruler of Tsenacommacah and 25 other Algonquin villages. Powhatan would play a significant role with the 104 men from the Virginia company that made up the settlement of Jamestown. Powhatan agreed to an alliance with the settlers, Powhatan would provide the colonists with foodstuffs in exchange for guns, hatchets, and swords. Powhatan hoped this alliance would make him technologically superior over his people’s enemies. The following is a quote from Powhatan recorded by John smith in 1609; â€Å"I am not so simple as not to know it is better to eat good meat, sleep comfortably, live quietly with my women and children, laugh and be merry with the English, and being their friend, trade for their copper and hatchets, than to run away from them. (Smithsonian source, 2012) Joint stock companies were business corporations that amassed capital through sales of stock to investors. Joint stock companies were the forerunners for modern day corporations. The Virginia Company was a joint stock venture that funded the settlement at Jamestown. Colonies required ongoing capital investments and the lack of immediate returns created tensions between stockholders and the colonists. Although investors were expecting great returns, there was great risk and start up costs, and could take years to recoup their money. With an excess landless population to serve as workers, and motivated, adventurous, or devout investors, the joint-stock company became the vehicle by which England finally settled the Western Hemisphere. The first joint stock company to launch its venture in the new world was The Virginia Company of London. In 1607 The Virginia Company established the first colony along the Chesapeake bay in what is now modern day Virginia. The new colony was called Jamestown, named after King James I. The colonists arrived in the midst of the worse drought in 1,700 years, and life in the new world was hard from the get go. The settlement at Jamestown was on a swampy peninsula located in the middle of a river. The colonists proved to be ill equipped for survival, and many fell victim to starvation and disease. In attempts to ease the colonists struggle for food ,Captain John Smith made a deal with the weroance. The Powhatan would help the colonists acquire food in exchange for weaponry. This deal was short lasting, as mutual mistrust built on both sides. The weroance relocated his primary village to an area not easily accessible to the colonists. The colonists struggled greatly without Powhatan’s help, and soon were driven to starvation. This time of hardship for the colonists was referred to as the â€Å"starving time. † The situation was very bleak for the colonists, and the starving time lasted from 1609-1610. Throughout the colonists year long struggle for survival many died, and one colonist resorted to cannibalism. This was the beginning of a bloody history that ensued between the colonists and the Powhatan people. In the spring of 1610 a new wave of settlers came to Jamestown, and brought with them more supplies. Around 1613, and in attempts to gain the upper hand , the colonists kidnapped Powhatan’s daughter Pocahontas. During her captivity she was converted to Christianity and married settler John Rolfe. This event helped to further sour the relationship between the two groups. The two also could not come to terms on each others ideas of property rights, gender roles, and religion. The colonists thought the Powhatan were lazy because they did not cultivate crops, conversely the Powhatan thought the colonists effeminate for doing so. Perhaps the biggest cause for dispute was the colonists superiority complex, in which they expected full cooperation from the native people to convert to Christianity and adopt English customs. Around 1620 Jamestown finally began to prosper through tobacco cultivation and exportation. Opechancanough, Powhatan’s brother, and successor, watched as the colonists expanded and attempted to convert the natives to Christianity. This angered Opechancanough, and in March of 1622 he attacked, killing 347 colonists. The Powhatans indiscriminately attacked, men, women, and children, mutilating many of their corpses. Although the colonists were surprised at the treachery of the Powhatans, a decade and a half of hatred fueled the natives call for vengeance. The massacre was a terrible loss to the settlers, but still they persevered. A short time had passed until the settlers inflicted massive retaliation on the Powhatans. One of the colonists wrote, â€Å" Now we have just cause to destroy them by all means possible, it is more easy to civilize them by conquest than faire meanest. † (Schwarz,1997) The two sides continued their brutal onslaught for the next ten years, and in 1632 an ill advised cease-fire was agreed upon. However, in 1644 the Powhatans attacked one last time, killing several more hundred settlers. In 1646 the Powhatans surrendered for good, but the bloody history and interaction of the two will never be forgotten. Norton, M. B. , Sheriff, C. , Blight, D. W. , Chudacoff, H. P. , Logevall, F. , Bailey, B. (2012), A people a nation, a history of the united states (Vol. 1) Ninth edition. Boston, MA, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Schwarz, Frederic D. â€Å" Massacre. † American Heritage Feb. -Mar. 1997 US History Collection. Web. 1 Apr. 2012Smith, John. (nd). Smithsonian Source. In Resources for teaching American History. Retrieved April 1, 2012, from http://www. smithsoniansource. org/. How to cite Native Americans of Chesapeake Bay, Essay examples

Performance Management Managing People and Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Performance Management for Managing People and Organizations. Answer: Introduction: Ngai Tahu Holdings is a Company which has been recorded for its outstanding history of commerce and trade which it has been into for 100 years. Its business history dates back to hundred years where colonisation did not happen and it was at this time where Ngai Tahu has embraced international commerce with its constant and uninterrupted involvement in New Zealands fisheries and agriculture industries (Ngai Tahu Holdings nd). With constant and persistent efforts in procuring an access to outstanding capital funds, Ngai Tahu has ventured into various industries like property and real estate, seafood and tourism industries. The business has ventured into various platforms like the modern commercial activities where the brand could allocate its annual revenues into newer business segments (Ngai Tahu Holdings nd). The Company had been known for its strong decision makers who have also ventured into newer aspects of business where they have reinvested two thirds of their income and have maintained a stricter distribution policy in providing support to the tribal members of the community by helping them in providing adequate education grants and scholarships (Ngai Tahu Holdings nd). Ngai Tahu has been growing stronger with its investment policies where they have also proved yet again in 1998 when they have received a Settlement Claim of $170 million. It has involved its assets which it has earned from fisheries and aqua culture worth $70 - $ 71 million. Ngai Tahu has become a stronger company with its great reinvestment policies and the brand grew extensively. Ngai Tahu, as a Company has been striving in order to ramp up their commercial operations and also to support their tribals while standing as a greater support to their economy. The brand has been contributing about $ 200 million consecutively to the South Island Economy with its vast job creation, sales, reinvesting their profits and income to support and improve their local communities. Ngai Tahu is a committed Organization which has also been an intergenerational investor which has been motivated by its strong decision making team and its values. Values of Ngai Tahu Ngai Tahu Holdings Corporation has been an ardent embracer of the values of its Parent Company, Te Runanga Group and it has been committed to ensure that it holds up its values and becomes an embedded member of its Organization. This has also been proven in the method by which the Company conducts its business by embracing various communities and cultures (Ngai Tahu Holdings nd). These ardent factors contribute to manage and minimise the occurrence of any of the contingency factors within the Company. Vision Ngai Tahu Holdings creates an environment of respect to its Customers and its Employees in accordance with its Companys policies. Mission Ngai Tahu Holdings Group are committed to holding up the values of its Group in all situations and in all its business holdings. Strategy Ngai Tahu Holdings has adapted and implemented a strong strategy where it has created an environment of respect and has motivated all its business groups to be more proactive, imaginative and creative where the leaders can create newer grounds constantly. Mike Sang has been the CEO of Ngai Tahu Holdings since 2013 and has been contributing to the overall development of the departments like Communication and Procurement, Finance, Business Information and Services including the Administration (Ngai Tahu nd). Ngai Tahu Holdings has been striving to bring more coordination within the employees by engaging them actively in different segments like forming community groups for the employee families where they can all come together as a group and experience being more socially secured and well connected with each other (Ngai Tahu nd). The groups were organized depending on the type of families which it constituted and various barbecue parties were held on a timely basis in order to motivate the employees to contribute to a better community and a work environment. A specific People and Development Manager has been allocated for the task in order to come up with various initiatives and planning activities within various communities. Imagining myself to be a Management Consultant of Ngai Tahu, I have a responsibility in- built in my job responsibility that I should contribute to improve the Organizational performance in a positive way. Improving Organizational Performance is a critical factor in the Corporate Environment of the present times. Development of organizational performance is to be aligned with the improvement of personal skills, knowledge related to the job and the related skills (Covey 2004; Jones et al 2000). As a Consultant, I feel that the Management should make an effort to understand the individual differences and the behavioural types of various employees. By making these efforts, the Organization would be able to prepare its employees to get adapted to the Organizational objectives and implement them (Mohammed Al Khouri 2010). There have been various surveys which were conducted to analyse the employee satisfaction and a recent survey which has been conducted in 2005 has reported significant results like Almost 45 50% of the Employees lack motivation to continue their learning and improving Results reveal that almost 3 4 people in a group would not prefer to work collectively Among the entry level applicants for a job, 15 20% of them have self discipline towards their jobs 30% - 70% standard is something which has been reported where 70% of all issues happen because of the lack of proper change initiatives. Most of these issues happen because of the inability of the Management to lead their teams, lack of cooperation, lack of self motivation to take up any initiatives and inefficiency to drive change within the Organization (Mohammed Al Khouri 2010). Todays knowledge driven Organizations are pinning down on leadership where the leaders analyse and assess the feelings of their employees in order to manage their employees and their relationships effectively (eDison, 2005). By implementing these practices, the employees will be motivated and they would be in a better position to contribute to the overall growth of the Organization. Analysis If positive environment is a critical factor for improving the organizational performance, it is also critical for the Management to assess their present environment and build one in case of need. To conduct such an analysis the Management would have to consider their individuals as people who have distinct personalities and they should also be in a position to commend their areas of improvement (Luthans, 2011). The employees who are the individuals working in the Organizations have distinct personalities as mentioned earlier and they have various personality types and states of mind which are critical for assessing their individual behaviour. The similarities and the differences between people can be associated with each other with the help of a study conducted by Mc Gregor (1960) where he has used 2 theories to describe the distinct personalities and to associate them with the potential attitudes which a person would have in a situation. The Management should assess their Managers at various levels and analyse the type of leadership style which they possess (Hussein, Ishak and Noordin, 2007). By analysing these leadership styles, the Management would come to an understanding whether their departmental Managers are accommodative, authoritarian or whether they have a regressive attitude of leadership (Hagmann et al. 2009). Positive styles of leadership can prove to be accommodative and can be satisfying for the employees where they have the chance to work and showcase their talent to their Management. In the table below, we would be able to assess the natural perceptions of the Management and the individual preferences of the employees in a team. Theory X Management Theory Y Employees Employees have a tendency to escape work and they show a negative attitude towards work Employees if told in an effective way would perform as per the Organizational Standards Employees work only under the supervision of the Managers Managers should create a work environment where the Employees would be able to express their ideas clearly and would be able to perform in an effective way Employees should be supervised well with stricter policies to control the work environment Management should delegate authority to its employees in order to promote growth as a motivating factor for the Employees to be retained in the Organization (Jones eta l 1999) Recommendations Adapting and implementing Positive Leadership styles Positive leadership styles would motivate the employees to a greater extent and they would provide them with higher levels of job satisfaction (Newstrom Davis 2002). Positive factors of motivation - Opportunities for growth Skill enhancement programs Negative factors of motivation Threats and Penalties Apart from the above analysis, there are various motivation theories which can be considered like Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory and Herzbergs two factor theory. These theories can be categorised as the content theories which act as a true source of motivation for the employees in order to perform well in the Organization. (Fig: Herzbergs Two Factor Theory) In an Organizational perspective, Herzbergs Two Factor Theory is the most appropriate theory which can analyse the employees needs within two segments like the Motivator Factors and the Hygiene Factors. Both these segments would enhance the levels of satisfaction of the Employees which can contribute to the overall organizational growth (Herzberg, 1987). The second segment which is the Hygiene related segment does not essentially include the cleanliness aspect of the Organization however it includes the working conditions, the organizational policies made and the organizational culture which has been established by the Organizational Management (Herzberg, 1987). As per the Herzbergs Two Factor Theory, the Management of an Organization should conduct an analysis on their existing policies and work towards the provision of a better work environment which could enhance the employees ability by motivating him to take up additional responsibilities at work, strive for growth by offering to provide various solutions to the existing issues which the organization might be facing. The Management can also work towards improving the quality of the relationships of the employees at work with their team members as well as their Managers. This overall would help in providing additional growth in the work place environments (Yang, Watkin and Marsick, 2004). By considering the theoretical analysis as a base, the employee performance can be improved in different stages like Communicating the Organizational Objectives and making people accountable All the individual employees of an Organization should be well aware of the Organizational objectives and strategies for which it has been striving in business. By implementing this factor, the Organization makes sure that all the employees are made aware of the fact that her contribution adds a greater value to redefine and set higher standards for the Organization (Hamlett, nd). Ongoing projects should be tracked with a greater effort where a constant monitoring process has to be in place along with the weekly and monthly reviews in order to keep a track of any of the ongoing issues in the projects. These issues can be solved by holding regular brain storming sessions within the team and the best solutions can be shared across the departments in the Organization (Kagan, 2004). By implementing this process, the team members and the concerned employees are made accountable for any of the responsibilities they take up and would be made to complete their designated tasks as per the project timelines (Hamlett, nd). The more ownership the employees are given, they would feel more accountable and empowered in order to take any individual decisions in order to complete their tasks on hand. Monitor and conduct an employee appraisal in a written way twice a year The company appraisals are done once a year and they are done in a specific format which probably might not highlight all the areas in which the Employee has worked on. This happens in almost all the companies however appraisal happens in different ways where expression happens mostly from the Managers end and not from the Employees end (Somerville and McConnell-Imbriotis, 2004). The Companies are going for a major shift in their appraisal approach where the employees are being asked to prepare their self evaluation reports which consists of what went well and what could have been better in terms of their work delivery. This method has been accepted as an approach with greater transparency and with greater effort to understand and evaluate the employees. Apart from this, the Companies should engage in collecting feedback from its employees throughout the year or on a timely basis which will provide an opportunity to the Management to change their ways of working in the work place environments (Wiley, 2000). Setting up of a consistent system of rewards All the employees irrespective of their level and designation would like to have an appreciation in the form of writing and a reward in some cases. This is a way in which a Company acknowledges the employee and rewards him on a timely basis. As a secondary stage to the reward system, the Companies can also have a system in place to monitor and coach its employees to help them achieve their highest potential (Nichols, 2004). This comes across as a system where the employees would feel that their companies care for their growth. Leading by example It is the Management who has to set standards in this regard because the employees join an organization in different levels and in different stages of their career. There might be cases where an employee joins a company as a fresher and there might be cases where the employees join a company after achieving some years of experience (Mahmoud Gomes 2010).The Management should listen to their employees, identify their skills, motivate them to achieve greater heights in career and should also monitor them closely to help them achieve greater results. Rules should not be distinct for the Managers and the employees in terms of establishing greater levels of trust for the overall growth of the Organization. Conclusion Understanding and appreciation are the critical factors which can drive an Organizations growth potential. These are the factors which can also motivate the employees for a better performance (Cohen, 2008). All the aspects including the theories mentioned would play a major role in creating standards for employees performance and also to enhance their personal behaviours (Covey, 2004). In order to achieve a significant balance, the Organizations should take control of the organizational brain aspects of it where they could differentiate and utilise the employees who are right minded in the problem solving aspects and can use the left minded employees to solve any of the organizational issues in terms of some projects. References eDison. (2005). Emotional Intelligence [Online]. UK: eDison Personal Development LTD. Retrieved on August 31st 2016 from https://www.edisonuk.com/emotional_intelligence.htm. Luthans, F. (2011). Organizational Behaviour: An Evidence Based Approach Identification on Performance Behaviours. Retrieved on August 31st 2016 from https://bdpad.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/fred-luthans-organizational-behavior-_-an-evidence-based-approach-twelfth-edition-mcgraw-hill_irwin-2010.pdf Cohen, E. (2008). Left-Brain Staff Management Strategies for Right-Brain Firms, STEP Magazine. Retrieved on August 31st 2016 from https://www.stepinsidedesign.com/STEPMagazine/Article/28887. Covey, S.R. (2004). The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to Greatness. UK: Simon Schuster. Hagmann, J., Peter, H., Chuma, E., Ngwenya, H.J., Kibwika, P. and Krebs, K. (2009). Systemic competence development - An approach to develop the facilitation capacity to manage systemic change and performance enhancement. Retrieved on August 31st 2016 from www.picoteam.org. Hamlett, C. (nd). How to Improve Employee Organizational Performance. Retrieved on August 31st 2016 from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/improve-employee-organizational-performance-11830.html Heller, R. (2006). Right and left-brain management styles. Retrieved on August 31st 2016 from https://www.management-issues.com/2006/12/22/opinion/right-and-left-brainmanagement-styles.asp. Herzberg, F. (1987). One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees?, USA: Harvard Business School Press. Hussein, N., Ishak, N. A., and Noordin, F. (2007). Leadership styles in moving towards learning organizations: a pilot test of Malaysias manufacturing organizations. Conference Proceedings of the Sixth Asia Academy of Human Resource Development. Beijing, China Kagan, M. (2004). Do Something That Scares You Everyday [Online]. Retrieved on August 31st 2016 from https://www.extraordinary-jobs.com/V2I42.htm. Mahmoud M. Yasin, Carlos F. Gomes. (2010). Performance management in service operational settings: a selective literature examination. Benchmarking: An International Journal 17:2, 214-231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] Marsick, V. J., and Watkin, K. E. (2003). Demonstrating the value of an organization's learning culture: the Dimensions of the Learning Organization Questionnaire. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 5, no. 2: 132-151. Mohammed, A Al Khouri, S.M. (2020). Improving Organizational Performance. Retrieved on August 31st 2016 from file:///C:/Users/Madhavi/Downloads/Improving%20Organisational%20Performance.pdf Ngaitahu. (nd). Our Stories. Retrieved on August 31st 2016 from https://ngaitahu.iwi.nz/our_stories/building-community/ Ngaitahu. (nd). Group Profile. Retrieved on August 31st 2016 from https://www.ngaitahuholdings.co.nz/group-profile/management/ Newstrom, J. W., Davis, K. (2002). Organizational Behaviour Human Behavior at Work. (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Nichols, J. C. (2004). Unique characteristics, leadership styles, and management of historical black colleges and universities. Innovative Higher Education, 28, no. 3: 219-229. Somerville, M., and McConnell-Imbriotis, A. (2004). Applying the learning organization concept in a resource squeezed service organization. Journal of Workplace Learning, 16, no. 4: 237- 248. Wiley, J. (2000). The high-performance organizational climate: How workers describe top performing units. The Handbook of Organizational Culture Climate (pp.177-191). Sage Publications Yang, B., Watkin, K. E., and Marsick, V. J. (2004). The construct of the learning organization: dimensions, measurement, and validation. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15, no. 1: 31-55.

Boston Bottles Essay Example

Boston Bottles Essay Boston Bottles Data Modeling Problem Draw an REA diagram with cardinalities and tables with primary keys, foreign keys, and non-key attributes for the following business: Boston Bottle (BB) buys and sells a variety of glass and plastic bottles nationwide. The proprietor of the company assigns each glass and bottle to an inventory type and assigns a unique # for each type (a type can contain numerous glasses and bottles). An individual sale or purchase can consist of multiple types of inventory. Inventory types are not tracked until they are purchased and put in a warehouse. A warehouse can have many inventory types, but it doesnt have to have any. An inventory type can be found in more than one warehouse. Customers are not assigned to any particular salesperson: anyone can service them (a relationship is not needed). However, vendors typically deal with one and only one buyer, unless the buyer quits or leaves the employment of BB, in which case the vendor works with a different buyer. Buyers do not have to work with any vendors, if they just started, but they can work with many vendors. Each sale or purchase involves just one BB employee: a salesperson or buyer, respectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Boston Bottles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Boston Bottles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Boston Bottles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sales and purchases are only for inventory. These two types of employees are tracked in separate database tables. Customers and vendors are added to the database without any transactions taking place (including being assigned to a buyer in the case of a vendor), however they can be involved in many transactions over time. Each employee fills out one timecard each week, therefore each timecard belongs to one and only one employee. The timecard allows the employee to get a paycheck on the last day of the following week. A separate check is written for each timecard and is made out to only one employee (or vendor in the case of a purchase). Timecard #’s for each employee change from week to week. Employees get a timecard immediately when they are hired. The employee in payroll who collects the timecards and the cashier who distributes the paychecks are not modeled in the database. Cash receipts and cash disbursements are from one and only one cash account. New cash accounts are added to the database when they are opened with a deposit. Sometime after this checks can be written from them. Employees are added to the database on the day they are hired (but before they are involved in a purchase or sale, or involved with a vendor). Cash accounts can have many receipts and many disbursements. A single purchase must be partially paid for immediately and the remainder can be paid within 30 days. However one check cannot pay for more than one purchase (just as one cash receipt from a customer cannot pay for more than one sale). The only payment terms BB has for a customer is to pay immediately in cash in full. Only one vendor or customer is involved in a transaction, however cash receipts and disbursements take place within other cycles of BB. All employees can be involved in many of their respective transactions over time. Here is the data of interest: Inventory type # Sales invoice # Purchase order # Vendor quality rating Remittance advice # Customer # Buyer employee # Vendor name Date buyer started working with vendor Salesperson employee # Timecard # Hours worked per employee per pay period Inventory type description Purchase date Salesperson commission rate Inventory type selling price Total sale dollar amount Sale date BB Check amount Cash account # Total cash receipt amount Quantity of inventory type in warehouse Cash account balance BB Check # Customer name Customer address Buyer telephone # Vendor # Warehouse # Warehouse location Quantity of an inventory type sold

Constitutional Amendments essays

Constitutional Amendments essays In America today, we live in a very diverse society. We have people from all types of religions, nationalities, and skin-color. Everyone has their own views and opinions on our nation and its government. Some citizens believe the United States is being run poorly, while others say our government is corrupt. Some people despise the way our government is run, and some just want lower taxes. I used to believe our government was not what it should be, but after researching my natural rights as a citizen of the United States and comparing them to other governments I realized how good I have it in America. This country is whatever its voters want it to be. At this point in time, everyone is considered by our government to be equal to one another. Our Bill of Rights ensures us these rights and gives us a foundation on which to build a great nation. The amendments to the constitution have changed our way of life giving every citizen equality and ensuring justice for all. The Bill of Rights' initial purpose was to protect the rights of the citizens of this country. It continues to protect the citizens, but it also opens the door for improvement in our government. The 4th Amendment protects us from unlawful searches and seizures. You may ask, "How does this affect me" or "Why should I care?" This protects law-abiding citizens from being wrongfully searched and prohibits the use of unlawful evidence to indict someone of a crime. This amendment prohibits law enforcement agencies from searching one's property without a warrant or probable cause. What is "reasonable" when searching someone's personal property? Well, the police can't just force their way into your house whenever they feel like it. They have to respect the rights of citizens and follow certain guidelines before searching another person's property. Law enforcement officials must have probable cause and a s ...

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 17

English - Essay Example There are advantages and disadvantages to mobile phone technology, and pros and cons can be explored to find a good balance. Just ten or twenty years ago, mobile phones were being dismissed as a fat or a passing phase. But today, everyone has to have the latest phone. Most people have the latest mobile and their own reasons to have their mobiles in their hands. The young generation seems to have more of these mobile phones than anyone else. It allows making and receiving calls and text, playing games, surfing the internet and listening to music. Often, all of these tasks are in one machine, so that there is integration. The features that attract the users to mobile phones are that people like ringtones, mp3, wallpapers, camera, video recordings, picture messaging (MMS), and Bluetooth mobile technology. These technologies are constantly evolving, and making communication faster and better between people. Unfortunately, it is not always cheap. But mobile phones can also be affordable, such as pay-as-you-go plans and simple phones without a lot of internet or 3G/4G extras. If you want to imagine the importan ce of mobile phones to people, just ask them to leave their phones separate from them for a day, and then see their reaction. That shows how people became dependent on their mobile phones. According to a survey that was done In Germany there were used to be 2.4 million mobile phones in 1994 but in 2007 it has increased to 97.4 million and now worldwide it is about 3 billion (Alexander, 2008). This shows a short period of growth but a very rapid growth in the amount of people using wireless phone. Especially with the introduction of internet-capable cell phones, people have been expanding their options. Mobile phones made the life of each person that uses it is easier, fast and more comfortable, it allows a person to stay in touch with his family, friends whenever and wherever they need to. It is

Comparative Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Comparative Design - Essay Example enefits spread over three categories affecting customers’ services and users, the service design program, as well as the entire institution involved in the design project. A product of 1946, the classic and styling oven has cooking efficiency. A classic cooker limited secures ovens from Rayburn in the UK. The cookers are reliable with new options still applicable to date. Currently, the supplier undertakes reconditioning duties and installs new parts fully. In a style that Mark Newson adopted, Rayburn ovens of 1946 have attractive colours running on smooth lines. The design developed a classic design blending precisely with various styles those chores in the kitchen demand. It cuts across from traditional through to modern aspects. The oven comes out in various designs and sizes that clients can choose from guided by their needs. Surprisingly, a Rayburn oven carries more responsibilities besides being a cooker. The oven is extremely resourceful. The Rayburn oven developed in 1946 is sustainable as well as self-sufficient. Mark Newson introduced extraordinary creativity constituting one of the most exciting designs in the world. He applied the creativity in developing domestic appliances such as ovens. Mark Newson is the established designer at Smeg products whose work is comparable to dynamic artworks. He represents the essence of the philosophy at Smeg. At Smeg, employees believe in technology with style. The style applied by Newson in designing his ovens comes through the soft lines applicable in environmental friendly manner. Differentiated use of colour and energetic application characterises ovens designed by Mark Newson. Surfaces are stainless steel products or have glassy features. Ovens are available in prolific FP610.The ovens come in a spectacular ray of colours. The colours range from white and black finishes, stainless steel through to bright shades of yellow, blue, as well as green. Mark Newson, the designer, o ften has a special way of having

Comparison of Marx and Weber on theory of Inequality Essay

Comparison of Marx and Weber on theory of Inequality - Essay Example The contemporary debate on the theories of social inequality considers Marx’s and Weber’s view, with the aim of conceptualizing class analysis. Wright (2001) emphasized the centrality of class within the Marxist tradition. Marx stated that class struggle is the motor of history, and supported an exploitation-centered concept of class. Three Marxist theses are essential in order to understand his perspective on social inequality: (1) the radical egalitarianism thesis, according to which a radically egalitarian distribution of the material conditions of life would enhance human flourishing; (2) historical possibility thesis, suggesting the feasibility of organizing society for a radically egalitarian distribution of the material conditions of life, and (3) the anti-capitalism thesis. Marx considered capitalism as the enemy of social equality, since capitalism blocks the possibility of the radical egalitarianism. Breen (2001) outlined Weber’s view on social class, presented in Economy and Society. According to Weber, members of a class share common life chances, i.e. the chances that individuals have of procuring goods. Weber stated that the market distributes life chances in accordance with the various resources that individuals bring to it. â€Å"There is no assumption in Weber that class will be the major source of conflict within capitalist society or that classes will necessarily serve as a source of collective action. Rather, the focus is on the market as the source of inequalities in life chances† (Breen 2001: 42). For Weber, classes are of interest insofar as they shape life chances. Weber identified four classes under capitalism: the â€Å"dominant entrepreneurial and propertied groups; the petty bourgeoisie; workers with formal credentials (the middle class) and those who lack them and whose only asset is their labor power (the working class)† (Breen 2001: 42). I believe that

Dual Route Model in Adult Reading

Dual Route Model in Adult Reading Introduction Dual route model is the study that defines the changes in the mode of interpreting printed words to sound. Therefore dual route model is associated with the study of reading and spelling and the various assumptions that arise out of the investigation. These assumptions highlight the fact that the processing of the written language is always accomplished by two separate methods called the lexical and non-lexical routes. These two methods are interactive in nature. Reading and spelling in the lexical method always depends on the creation of word specific orthographic and phonological memory representation. All the current models of word recognition are based on either the dual route models or connectionist theories. The way a word recognition model accounts for different types of reading behaviours, is the word of success of every model. The dual model theory has withstood most of the tests associated with reading behaviours. However some psychologists do not agree with this theory, instead they suggest a combination of dual as well as other models for deriving positive results in the field of reading behaviours. A number of psychologists have researched in this field and published their results. Prominent among them is the study reports of Coltheart and Bates, who have demonstrated that an equation derived from dual-route theory accurately predicts reading performance in young normal readers with reading impairment due to developmental dyslexia or stroke. Studies conducted by John Marshal also have much significance. Marshal concentrated on the fact that the method of skilled reading can be used, particularly the dual route model, for interpreting acquired dyslexia as well as developmental dyslexia. The basic concept of the dual model explains that non words and irregular words are two independent routes that lead from the written word to the noise. There is also the direct access route which is also known as the lexical route. This route deals with the pronunciation of irregular words. In this method reading is always continued through the lexicon for the purpose of pronouncing words correctly. Then there is the Grapheme phoneme conversion route which is also called the sub lexical route. In this route reading is continued without accessing the lexicon. All regular words and irregular words should be read from the lexicon, this is the suggestion given by the dual route model. A strong judgement in this regard is that the steadiness of the word always effects the periods it takes to name it. Moreover there is also a relation with its rate of recurrence. Low recurring words are more affected than high recurring words. Some words having the same frequency are not made similar, particularly inconsistent words. Moreover regular words are sometimes pronounced irregularly. According to experts a simple dual route model cannot explain all these outcomes. A dual route model can be used for the prediction of real words though the lexican route. However we can see that steadiness, rate of recurrence and uniformity effects reaction times. The suggestion that non words are read by the GPC route is not correct. Strong findings suggest that non words processing s are affected by the lexicon. Previous normal reading process of a person is affected by the impact of acquired dyslexia the affected person will suffer some kind of a shock in the left side of his brain. In this case the dual route model predicts a double disassociation. With respect to surface dyslexia, a person makes over regularisation mistakes for irregular words. The person can read words and non words if they are regular. The person will not show any case of image ability. This is due to the fact that the route remains undamaged. Another type of dyslexia which is commonly found is the Phonological dyslexia. In this situation, patients are poor to read non words. Moreover real words are easily read. Experts suggest that, here the GPC route may be damaged and the lexical route is undamaged. It is often argued that the Phonological dyslexia and the surface dyslexia are separate. They do not associate themselves. Therefore the dual route model is supported. But in other types of dyslexia the situation can be more complicated. Another type of dyslexia is the deep dyslexia. This type is characterised by poor reading of non words, semantic reading mistakes for real words, and problems associated with the GPC route. Moreover the patients under this category have an injury to a system which usually allows them to read through a semantic system. This type of dyslexia cannot be regarded as a syndrome. But in some circumstances it has to be regarded because evidences support it. Another point of argument about this type of dyslexia is that it may be a result of reading using the right hemisphere of the brain. There are assumptions that this type of dyslexia is a syndrome which is caused by a wound in the left hemisphere. If that is correct then the conclusion should be that reading is possible through semantic system in such a way that the dual route model cannot be taken into account. According to psychologist Knight R.A from his journal article titled, Language, history and use, there are alternatives to the dual route model also. They are the three routes model, Analogy theories and the Connectionist models. In the three route model, the lexical route is split into GPC route, the route through lexicon and the route direct from the lexicon. Analogy theories are single route theories. a major drawback of this theory is that it is sometimes unpredictable regarding the pronunciation of non words. The connectionist models are single route theories where there is no storage for individual words. The drawback of this model is that it also fails to predict the pronunciation of non words (Knight, Language History and Use). The dual route model has become a standard model for both normal as well as abnormal reading of adults. There is very strong evidence that there is twofold disassociation of phonological and surface dyslexia in the dual route model. The dual route model had assumptions that the conversion of grapheme-phoneme depends on a theoretical set of rules which is similar to the plans in a logical system. Other models of normal and abnormal reading development were developed on the basis of the dual route model of mature reading. The dual route theory is a very comprehensive theory. It explains both normal and abnormal adult reading and as well as normal and abnormal reading development (Pennington, 2002, p.292). In the semantic system, spoken as well as written words always turn on mechanically the matching theoretical representations. All familiar words used whether they are customary or non customary can be processed through the lexical route. This is possible in terms of their letter indicated by sound relationships. However the non lexical route makes use of the sub word level process which is based on the sound- spelling association rules success of non lexical route always depends on non words and regular words that is always associated with the English phoneme grapheme conversion laws but when there is irregular words which does not obey these set of rules, it fails to produce a correct response. All the efforts undertaken to read or write through non lexical method can result in regularization mistakes. Studies by psychologists Rapcsak, Henry and others revealed that dual route model contains purposeful mechanisms that are exclusive to both the lexical and the non lexical routes but no one can say that the two procedures are totally independent. Dual route theory always maintains that lexical route will help in delivering a true response for irregular words. The non lexical route is essential for the reading and spelling of non words correctly. For the interpretation of the written language of persons having acquired alexia / agraphia, dual route models have provided a powerful hypothetical structure. It is possible to identify the damaged cognitive module of neurological patients by specifying the practical architecture of the written language processing system. For example, the destruction that is caused to the lexical route will give rise to surface dyslexia distinguished by disproportionate complexity in reading and spelling irregular words. However damage to the non lexical route will result in phonological dyslexia, distinguished by very poor reading and spelling of non words. Apart from all these applications, dual route theory can also be used for producing quantitative predictions related to reading and spelling. It is possible to predict the accuracy of a persons and the performance on irregular words as well as non words. The basic concept of dual route models is that using lexical method irregular words can only be read correctly whereas by using non lexical strategy non words can be read correctly. The capability of lexical and non lexical routes are proved when a person will be able read accurately proportions of irregular words. According to dual route theory, both the lexical and non lexical route can process regular words and therefore the accuracy of reading can be predicted (Rapcsak, Henry, Teague, Carnahan Beeson. 2007. p.2519-2524) A study conducted by John marshal, another renowned psychologist in the year 1984 clearly emphasised that the fact that the method of skilled reading can be used, particularly the dual route model, for interpreting acquired dyslexia as well as developmental dyslexia. This claim became controversial and many other researchers argued that the dual model is quite in appropriate in the way to understand development in reading and developmental disorders in reading. However further research in this area by psychologists Castles, Bates Coltheart revealed that John Marshals claim was true (Castles, Bates Coltheart. 2006. pp. 871-892 (22)). Many researches have been undertaken for checking the effectiveness of dual route model. The dual route cognitive models of reading assume that the lexical and sub lexical routes are functionally different processes. Researchers Joubert, Beauregard and others have tested this hypothesis by using three experimental conditions. One of them was lexical and the other two were sub lexical. Frequent words represented the lexical condition whereas in the first sub lexical condition was represented by non words made of low frequency sub lexical units. These words did not resemble real words. Rare and regular words consist of the second condition. Comparisons were made between these reading tasks with a baseline condition which consisted of consonant string viewing. Moreover silent pronunciation of one or two of these consonants was also done along with this process. By analysing the results of this experiment it was found that the lexical condition which consisted of regular words generates many different peaks of activations in the border area of the left super marginal region. Whereas the other two sub lexical tasks were engaged always in the area of the left prefrontal inferior cortex (Joubert, Beauregard, Walter, Bourgouin, Beaudoin, Leroux, et al. 2004. p. 9-20). Renowned psychologists Hanley and Gard advocated that developmental surface dyslexia appears in adults. They took reading and spelling tests on two adult students and the results varied. Both these adults were affected significantly by spelling regularity. The psychologists arrived at the conclusion that the irregular words are harder to study that difficult ones, therefore a person is forced on to depend on lexical strategy during the course of reading (Funnel. 2000. P.138). The dual route models have always come under attack in recent years the theories framed by dual route experts are not always effective in adults. Most of the criticisms in the dual route model have come in the field of adult readings. As a result of criticisms levelled against dual route models, connectionists models were developed (Treiman. 1993. p.34) Studies made on languages which were opaque suggested that the lexical and non lexical processing consists of independent routes. Where as in the case of transparent languages, there is no strong evidence for independent routes. The dual route in transparent languages like in opaque languages has created an arena for discussion. By studying the neurologically damaged patients who are unable to read unknown words or non words, the existence of these routes can be seen clearly (Plasencia, Dorado Serrano. 2008. p. 48 -54). According to a study conducted by two well known psychologists, Castles and Coltheart, process deficit models of disability became popular due to the developmental problems associated with reading disability associated with brain damages. The reasons for the popularity of the process models is because of the simplicity of its framework moreover the approach of a process deficit model gives a basis for a logic of instructions stuck by the strength and weakness of the readers. But unfortunately many researches have failed to provide evidences that support process models. The fact stated in the process model that disabled readers can be categorized into distinct types and the diagnosing task of distinguishing disabled readers from the poor readers has no supportive evidence (New Directions in Research, 2006). In another experiment by Bertelson, two hypotheses were tested with relation to the development of access towards lexical meaning. They were initial indirect access and initial direct access. Conclusive proof relating to the testing pointed out that these hypotheses were not strongly supported. And it also recommended that the direct and indirect access could be used for early reading. The involvement of these procedures always changed during its course of development. The previous assumption about standard dual model was that both accesses assumed the basic theoretical tests, went wrong. Based on evidence derived from these tests, the standard dual route model was always criticised. Instead of the standard dual model, a single model was found suitable (Bertelson, 1987. p.113). The dual route cascaded model is a computational model related to visual word recognition and loud reading. It is the only computational model that is used to perform the two tasks i.e., lexical reading and aloud reading. The DRC model has its own limitations. A common claim attributed to this model is that it can explain everything. But this claim becomes false as far as the case of reading aloud and visual lexical decision is concerned. With various paradigms that are masked, facts suggest that phonological properties of very temporarily presented stimuli can influence performance in reading aloud and lexical decision tasks. The dual route cascading model or the DRC model is used for pronunciation computing from print through lexical and non lexical procedures. Non words cannot be read correctly under the lexical procedure because they are not present in the lexicons. (World Recognition Process in Reading. 2005). Many studies have been undertaken to prove the effectiveness of the dual models. In one study done by psychologists Basso, Burgio and Prandoni, of the neurological clinic, Milan University, a group consisting of 21 people were selected having specific disorders and treated with a dual route model. Another group consisting of 23 persons were treated with methods using single route models. By comparing the treated patients from both the groups, it was found that the first group treated with the dual method showed significant improvement than the second group in many areas. But the benefits received from reading of isolated words, homophones etc did not improve the reading of passages. This suggested that treatments using dual models should include exercises containing passages or sentences (Tressoldi. 2000). In another test, persons who did not have previous knowledge about French were asked to learn 12 French words. After getting their representations, they were given pictures and were asked to write the baseline. This experiment was repeated for three times. After 10 minutes these pictures were presented again and were asked to write words. After a week, these participants were again requested to do the same exercise. The results showed significant difference. The out come was that when irregular orthographic representations are acquired, it is supported by knowledge of orthographic representations (BASSO, BURGIO, PRANDONI. 1999.p.405-412). Arguments against dual route model theories. Connectionist modelling techniques have spawned the debate between single and dual route accounts of the cognitive process. The necessity of dual route processing accounts in the psychology of the language has been questioned by connectionists models. Some psychologists have also suggested that a single route model is enough for the learning of past tense formations and idiosyncratic formations which are rule based. It is also sufficient to learn rule based method of pronunciations and idiosyncratic pronunciations. Basically there are two types of criticisms that are levelled against the dual route models. The first one is that morphology is the rule which directs association of the bilinguals lexical representations. It is argued that morphology can alone produce clear effects of independence in a sole undifferentiated structure. The second criticisms said about the dual model are that the word recognition in one language may be assisted if it is similar to a word in another language. Connectionist modelling techniques have spawned the debate between single and dual route accounts of the cognitive process. The necessity of dual route processing accounts in the psychology of the language has been questioned by connectionists models. Some psychologists have also suggested that a single route model is enough for the learning of past tense formations and idiosyncratic formations which are rule based is also sufficient to learn rule based method of pronunciations and idiosyncratic pronunciations. There are also other types of criticisms that are levelled against the dual route models. The first one is that morphology is the rule which directs association of the bilinguals lexical representations. It is argued that morphology can alone produce clear effects of independence in a sole undifferentiated structure. The second criticism said about the dual model is that when motivations show some kind of resemblance between two languages, the necessity of word recognition arises. Moreover cross language meddling is found even though there is clear proof for independence of lexical presentations (Thomas, Bilingualism and the Single route). Conclusions Connectionists theories have originated as a result of the debate between single and dual route models in the area of language processing. The debate between single route and dual route has often arisen when the necessity of postulation of a rule based processing mechanism that would motivate aspects of cognition. The fundamental problem here is that all rules have exceptions and all processors based on rules should have an exception mechanism to accompany it. The other side of this debate between dual and single model is that whether there is necessity to postulate one or two realistic processing mechanisms to motivate a given cognitive ability. Dual routes are not effective in all areas, particularly in the field of bilingual word recognition. To those areas where dual theories are insignificant, it is wise to work with connectionists models which are regarded as an exiting prospect. Single route models when compared with dual route models should overcome many hurdles to get accepted. However they can be used in situations where dual route models fail to produce results. The single route models always characterise stimulus response compatibility effects to the difficulty of transaction from stimulus to response whereas dual route models suggest that compatibility effects reveal in part an extra direct or routine creation route. In consistency is one of the major drawbacks suffered by these models. Form the outcomes of studies undertaken; it is evident that the DRC model can stimulate the reading aloud task as well as the lexical decision task. The stimulation given by the DRC model to these tasks cannot be matched by any other models. Therefore the DRC model is regarded as the most successful computational model discovered so far in the field of reading behaviors. Nowadays word recognition models are constructed on the basis of dual route as well as connectionist models. Dual route has its own advantages and limitations in adult reading. In cases where dual method is not effective, connectionists models can be used. Or a combined format can be used. Combination of these two models will always give satisfactory results in word reading. (Shinoda. 2005). References BASSO, A. , BURGIO, F. PRANDONI, P. 1999. Acquisition of output irregular orthographic representations in normal adults: An experimental study. Retrieved from http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=0B6AC8EC3378DCD2C42DFE0963CBF5B3.tomcat1?fromPage=onlineaid=49571 on August 23, 2008. Bertelson, P. 1987. The Onset of Literacy. Cambridge: MIT Press. Castles, A.,Bates, T., Coltheart, M. 2006. John Marshall and the developmental dyslexias. Aphasiology, Volume 20, Numbers 9-11, -11 pp. 871-892(22). Retrieved from http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/psych/paph/2006/00000020/F0030009/art00004;jsessionid=kldvo0vfe03v.alice?format=print on August 22, 2008. Funnel, E. 2000. Case Studies in the Neuropsychology of Reading. London: Psychology Press. Joubert, S., Beauregard, M., Walter, N., Bourgouin, P., Beaudoin, G., Leroux, J.M. et al. 2004. Brain and Language . Vol. 89 9-20. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com Knight R.A. Language History and Use Psycholinguistics. Retrieved from http://www.rachaelanne.co.uk/teaching/psych/reading_03_HO.doc on August 22, 2008. New Directions in Research. A Transactional Perspective on Reading Difficulties and Response to Intervention. 2006. Retrieved from http://www.reading.org/Library/Retrieve.cfm?D=10.1598/RRQ.41.1.7F=RRQ-41-1-McEneaney_2.html on August 23, 2008. Pennington, B.F. 2002.The Development of Psychopathology. New York. Guliford Press. Plasencia, P.M., Dorado, J.I. Serrano, J.M. 2008. Evidence for Linguistic Deficit in Nonlexical Processing in Reading. A Study of a Spanish-Speaking Patient. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, Vol.11, No.1, 48 -54. Retrieved from http://www.ucm.es/info/Psi/docs/journal/v11_n1_2008/art48.pdf on August 23, 2008. Rapcsak S.Z, Henry M.L, Teague,S.L., Carnahan,S.D. Beeson,P.M. June 18, 2007. Do Dual- Route Models Accurately Predict Reading and Spelling Performance in Individuals with Acquired Alexia and Agraphia? Neuropsychologia Vol. 45(11): 2519-2524. Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1988783 on August 21, 2008. Shinoda, K.2005. Speaker adaptation techniques for speech recognition using probabilistic models. Retrieved from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/110546421/abstract on August 23, 2008. Thomas, M.S.C. Bilingualism and the Single route / Dual route debate. Retrieved from http://www.psyc.bbk.ac.uk/people/academic/thomas_m/Thomas_Cogsci98.doc on August 22, 2008. Treiman, R. 1993. Beginning to Spell. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press, US Tressoldi, P.E. 2000. Treatment of Specific Developmental Reading Disorders, Derived from Single- and Dual-Route Models. Retrieved from http://ldx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/3/278 on August 23, 2008. World Recognition Process in Reading. 2005. Retrieved from http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_chapter/9781405114882/Snowling_sample_chapter1.pdf on August 23, 2008.

Comparing Terror in Franz Kafkas The Trial and The Man Who Disappeared :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Nature of Terror in Franz Kafka's The Trial and The Man Who Disappeared "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself" (Roosevelt 93). In Franz Kafka's The Trial and The Man Who Disappeared (Amerika), the nature of terror is exposed to the fullest extent. The main characters in both works, Josef K. and Karl Rossmann are both used as pawns in the chess game also known as society. The dramatic impact from the major turn of events would create a tremendous change in both characters. Josef K., who was arrested for no apparent reason would have his life totally dominated by the judicial system. The road that Josef K. is forced to journey on became a one-way street and he was never able to turn back. Karl Rossmann, who was also used as a scapegoat, was sent off to America for something that was not his fault. Because he was new to the country, people immediately took advantage of him and treated him as an outcast of society. The so-called "American Dream" that Karl often heard about became only an illusion. The terrifying situations that Josef K. and Karl hav e to go through brought the best and worse of the characters but most often weaknesses and flaws in the character are exposed. The nature of terror is based on reactions from human instinct and often cannot be controlled by mind or thought. Fear is a part of our being that exists in our mind. "It was fear that first made gods in the world" (Statius 94). No matter what Josef K. tried to do, the fate of his case had already been decided. The judicial system had taken a chokehold on Josef K. and he was never able to get out of it. Josef K. tried his best to fight off the case because that was what his instincts inclined him to do. However, to no avail, Josef K. is killed at the end. The arrest under no accusation caused Josef K. to fight back in anyway he could because the thought of being defeated and put away for no reason was an act of injustice. "Judgement does not come suddenly; the proceedings gradually merge into the judgement" (164). Unfortunately, the final judgement is death, the dead end of the one-way street. For Karl Rossmann, going to America was a big change. He had to adapt to the new way of life and be accepted by others and that unfortunately did not happen.

Physiological Adaption Fish

Physiological Adaptation of Fish to Its Environment BIO101 March 11,2013 Physiological Adaptation of Fish to Its Environment All organisms around the world are sparsely distributed depending on the environment that best suited to their modes of survival. Organisms undergo adaptation – an evolutionary process where they became well-suited to a particular. The process of adaptation happens through the natural selection, whereby nature selects those organisms that suit a certain habitat and sustain them for successive generation and ones that do not perish, hence the theme of survival for the fittest.The surviving species pass the same favorable features to their generation for their further survival after a progressive reproduction. Physiological adaptation of fish to their habitat depends on what the nature favors to suit them. Below is the illustration of the external and internal features of a fish (â€Å"Internal Salmon Anatomy Worksheet Key,† 2011): Water bodies have a diversity of conditions that enable fishes to adapt to their survival. The physiological adaptation of these animals varies to a particular habitat, and it relates to how their metabolism works to counter the changing environment.Fish metabolic activities seek to regulate their body functions in any opportune change of their environment and adapt to it. To control the body temperature, fishes undergo physiological thermoregulation. The physiological and metabolic activities regulate the body temperature and maintain it by means of countercurrent exchange system. The countercurrent exchange system is one where the hot blood in the blood vessels, as a result of muscular activities, passes along and gives up some heat to the blood in the adjacent blood vessels, which is flowing to the other parts of the body. This way fishes are able to keep warm.Fish also have the survival tactics in areas where water temperatures are on the point of freezing all the year round – like in the Antarctica region. In order to overcome the darkness due to the ice over the water surface, fish have a specialized sensory system called mechanosensory lateral line, which enables them to sense the motion of other animal in their environment and allows them to feed. However, some fish subspecies normally live in the freshwater and in seawater depending on the environmental opportunities that affects their chances to survive (WhyEvolutionIsTrue, 2012).Freshwater fish have a mechanism, which makes possible them to concentrate salt within their bodies in the environment of salt deficiency; consequently, marine fish have the capability to excrete excess salt in the hypertonic environment. The latter as well has chloride cell in their gills, which produce enzyme called gill Na+/K+ATPase that enables them to ride their plasma of excess salt build up when they drink seawater. The enzyme is applied to pump sodium out of their gills using the energy generated from the muscle.Freshwater fis h have a physiological mechanism that allows them to concentrate salt and compensate their sanity environment. They achieve the balance of the body and that of the surrounding by producing very dilute, copious urine to rid them of the excess water in their body while taking ions through their gills (â€Å"Fish in Their Environments: Habitats & Adaptation,† 2010). Their adaptation favors their capability to adjust to the changing environment. The swordfish has a modified eye muscle with a concentration of mitochondrion cells.The mitochondrion organelles perform the duty of breaking down of food to obtain energy for normal eye movement and to provide heat for blood going to the brain. The physiological system of fish also operates within a fluid environment despite the change its environment. Osmoregulation in fish aims to get a stable balance of uptake and loss of water and solutes through their excretory organs. Marine fish, for example, bony fishes, are hypo-osmotic to seawa ter; respond to loosing water in their bodies by osmosis and gain salt by diffusion and from the food they eat.They also take up chloride ions through their skin and gills to balance osmotic condition of their environment. In conclusion, fish, like all other animals, have their mode of adaptation to survive in their habitat regarding the circumstances that occur. They will continue to reproduce passing those adaptations to their next generation. References Internal salmon anatomy worksheet key. (2011, January 14). U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved from http://www. fws. ov/r5crc/salmon/workbook/homework_salmon_anatomy_internal_key. htm Fish in their environments: Habitats & adaptation. (2010, March 3). Earthguide. Retrieved from http://earthguide. ucsd. edu/fishes/environment/environment_zones. html WhyEvolutionIsTrue. (2012, April 11). Parallel adaptation in fish: Same genes used over and over. Why Evolution Is True. Retrieved from http://whyevolutionistrue. wordpress. com/20 12/04/11/parallel-adaptation-in-fish-same-genes-used-over-and-over/

Biography of James Buchanan, 15th U.S. President

Biography of James Buchanan, 15th U.S. President James Buchanan (April 23, 1791–June 1, 1868) served as Americas 15th president. He presided over the contentious pre-Civil War era and was considered a hopeful and strong choice by the Democrats when he was elected. But when he left office, seven states had already seceded from the union. Buchanan is often perceived as one of the worst U.S. presidents. Fast Facts: James Buchanan Known For: 15th U.S. president (1856–1860)Born: April 23, 1791 in Cove Gap, PennsylvaniaParents: James Buchanan, Sr. and Elizabeth SpeerDied: June 1, 1868 in Lancaster, PennsylvaniaEducation: Old Stone Academy, Dickinson College, legal apprenticeship and admitted to the bar in 1812Spouse: NoneChildren: None Early Life James Buchanan was born on April 23, 1791, in Stony Batter, Cove Gap, Pennsylvania, and his family moved when he was 5 to the town of Mercersburg, Pennsylvania. He was the second and oldest surviving son of the 11 children of James Buchanan Sr., a wealthy merchant and farmer, and his wife Elizabeth Speer, a well-read and intelligent woman. The senior Buchanan was an immigrant from County Donegal, Ireland, who arrived in Philadelphia in 1783, moving to Stony Batter (batter means road in Gaelic) in 1787. He moved the family several times over the next few years, buying up real estate and establishing a store in Mercersburg and becoming the wealthiest man in town. James Buchanan, Jr. was the focus of his fathers aspirations. James, Jr. studied at Old Stone Academy, where he read Latin and Greek, and learned mathematics, literature, and history. In 1807, he entered Dickenson College but was expelled for bad behavior in 1808. Only the intervention of his Presbyterian minister got him reinstated, but he did graduate with honors in 1810. He then studied law as an apprentice to the eminent lawyer James Clemens Hopkins (1762–1834) in Lancaster, and was admitted to the bar in 1812. Buchanan never married, although he was considered Lancasters most eligible bachelor as a young man. He got engaged in 1819 to Lancastrian Anne Caroline Coleman, but she died that same year before they wed. While president, his niece Harriet Lane took care of the duties of first lady. He never fathered any children. Career Before the Presidency By the time he was elected president, James Buchanan was an experienced politician and diplomat, one of the most experienced of individuals ever chosen to be president of the United States. Buchanan started his career as a lawyer before joining the military to fight in the War of 1812. While still in his 20s, he was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1815–1816), followed by the U.S. House of Representatives (1821–1831). In 1832, he was appointed by Andrew Jackson to be the Minister to Russia. He returned home to be a senator from 1834–1835. In 1845, he was named secretary of state under President James K. Polk. In 1853–1856, he served as President Franklin Pierces minister to Great Britain. Buchanan was highly esteemed in the Democratic Party: both Polk and his predecessor in the White House John Tyler had offered him a seat on the Supreme Court, and he was proposed for high appointments by every Democratic president from the 1820s onward. He explored running for the presidential nomination in 1840 and became a serious contender in 1848 and again in 1852. Becoming President In short, James Buchanan was considered an outstanding choice for president, with an extensive dossier of national and international service who believed he could resolve the cultural divide created by the slavery issue and bring harmony to the nation. In 1856, James Buchanan was chosen as the Democratic nominee for president, running on a ticket that upheld the right of individuals to hold slaves as constitutional. He ran against Republican candidate John C. Fremont and Know-Nothing Candidate, former President Millard Fillmore. Buchanan won after a hotly contested campaign amid Democratic concerns that the threat of Civil War loomed if the Republicans won. Presidency Despite his promising background, Buchanans presidency was riddled with political missteps and misfortunes that he was unable to alleviate. The  Dred Scott  court case occurred at the beginning of his administration, the decision of which stated that slaves were considered property. Despite being against slavery himself, Buchanan felt that this case proved the constitutionality of slavery. He fought for Kansas to be entered into the union as a slave state but it was eventually admitted as a free state in 1861. In 1857, an  economic depression  swept the country known as the Panic of 1857, driven by the collapse of the New York Stock Exchange on August 27 from a rush to unload securities. The North and West were particularly hard-hit, but Buchanan took no action to help alleviate the depression. In June 1860, Buchanan vetoed the Homestead Act, which offered 160-acre plots of federal land in the west to small farmers and homesteaders. Buchanan interpreted it as a Republican effort to reactivate the slavery issue: he and the southern Democratic states felt that the addition of thousands of small farmers would upset the political balance of slave states and free states. That decision was very unpopular across the country and is considered one of the main reasons the Republicans took the White House in 1860: the Homestead Act passed in 1862 after the South seceded. By reelection time, Buchanan had decided not to run again. He knew he had lost support and was unable to stop the problems that would lead to secession. In November 1860, Republican  Abraham Lincoln  was elected to the presidency, and before Buchanan had left office, seven states seceded from the Union, forming the Confederate States of America. Buchanan did not believe that the federal government could force a state to remain in the Union, and, afraid of civil war, he ignored aggressive action by the Confederate States and abandoned Fort Sumter. Buchanan left the presidency in disgrace, condemned by Republicans, vilified by northern Democrats, and dismissed by the southerners. He is considered by many scholars as an abysmal failure as chief executive. Death and Legacy Buchanan retired to Lancaster, Pennsylvania where he was not involved in public affairs. He supported Abraham Lincoln throughout the Civil War. He worked on an autobiography that would vindicate him for his failures, a book he never finished. On June 1, 1868, Buchanan died of pneumonia; the official biography including the fragment was published as a two-volume biography by George Ticknor Curtis in 1883. Buchanan was the last pre-Civil War president. His time in office was full of handling increasingly contentious sectionalism of the time. The Confederate States of America was created while he was the lame duck president. He did not take an aggressive stance against the states that seceded and instead attempted reconciliation without war. Sources Baker, Jean H. James Buchanan: The American Presidents Series: The 15th President, 1857–1861. New York, Henry Holt and Company, 2004.Binder, Frederick Moore. James Buchanan and the American Empire.  Curtis, George Ticknor. Life of James Buchanan. New York: Harper Brothers, 1883.Klein, Philip Shriver. President James Buchanan: A Biography. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962.Smith, Elbert B. The Presidency of James Buchanan. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1975.

Desmond Tutu essays

Desmond Tutu essays Archbishop Desmond Tutu was a well known and respected black church leader. He lived in South Africa. The government made it illegal for anyone to oppose it. So Archbishop Tutu called all the religious leaders in South Africa to his cathedral in Cape Town on February 29, 1988. There they linked arms and marched to government offices with the intent to deliver a letter to the Prime Minister. Met by armed riot police Archbishop Desmond Tutu was arrested and thrown in jail. Desmond Mpilo Tutu was born on October 7, 1931. He lived in Klerksdorp, a poor black township near Johannesburg. His home didnt have electricity, running water, or indoor toilets. This was a common place for black people to live in because black people were not allowed to live in the city unless they were servants. His father, Zachariah, was a respected school teacher but the Tutus still had to obey South Africas harsh unfair laws. His mother, Aletha, was a servant in a white home. Despite these conditions Desmonds home was a happy one. He was smart and did well in school which he rode to in a train where he played cards with other passengers, often cheating to get extra cash. When he was fourteen Desmond caught tuberculosis, almost died, and had to stay in the hospital for two years. While in the hospital Desmond met a white priest named Father Trevor Huddleston. Father Huddleston became very influential in Desmonds life. Father Huddleston brought many books for to the hospital for him to read. Desmond graduated from high school with honors and became one of the few blacks allowed to attend a university. Desmond Tutu wanted to be a doctor, but lacked the funds to pursue this goal. Instead, he studied to be a school teacher like his father. It was then that Tutu married his wife, Leah, who was a teacher in July 1955. Desmond became a teacher in a high school at Krugersdorp. He named his first son Trevor after father Huddleston. A ...

Corporate social responsibility reporting Essay

Corporate social responsibility reporting - Essay Example CSER also commonly plays a central role in presenting a good picture of corporate accountability. For a long time now, CSER has been used as the best tool to encourage corporate strategies, policies and management decisions aimed at minimization of adverse environmental impacts of companies’ operations (UNEP, 1998). Since the development of the practices of corporate social environmental reporting in the early 1990s, the reporting has largely been accomplished through communications or disclosures within annual company reports. The disclosure provides information about the environmental (social) policies and practices and the impacts of the reporting company to the environment in which it operates. According to Deegan (2007), corporate social and environmental reporting has developed and become widespread over the past three decades, with these developments the disclosures by some companies have become more extensive to communicate and thus companies often publish the disclosu res in a separate social and environmental report. Corporate social and environmental reporting has grown particularly because of two main factors. Both factors are borne out of the fact that businesses and companies operate within the physical environment and space that is owned by society. First, Companies produce CSER reports to enhance their corporate image as a marketing tool. The second factor that influences the growth of CSER reporting is the increasing legal requirement by governments across the world for such disclosures to be made for the good of the environment (Yip et al., 2011). This paper examines whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports provide shareholders and stakeholders with useful information on corporate social and environmental performance or are they merely a public relations tool to benefit the Companies. Evolution of Corporate Social Environmental Reporting (CSER) It is estimated that reporting on social and environmental issues has been done b y Companies ever since financial reporting started. This is largely because environmental reporting has been required to meet regulatory obligations (Sutantoputra, 2009). Social and environmental issues, including material costs of regulatory compliance and probable losses due to litigation were disclosed since the early years of corporate annual reports for purposes of financial accountability. However, in the past three decades, there has been a significant increase in the public demand for social and environmental information from Companies. This has largely been driven by increasing public awareness, pressure from stakeholders, and social concern on environmental disasters and fair labor practices (Rahman et al., 2005). Although the demand for corporate social and environmental reporting has greatly increased in the past three decades, it is evident that public concerns about environmental issues related to production started as far back as the mid 1960s (Yip et al., 2011). At t hat time, claims that technological advances and rapid depletion of resources were adversely affecting the environment led to calls for increased accountability from the corporate community. It is at this time that activist groups and Non-Governmental Organizations such as Greenpeace came up to help in the public push towards more accountability by companies. In the early 1970s, companies began implementing social and environmental goals and making public their findings, CSR became introduced about this time. The two decades between 1970 and 1990 served as the first

Human Resources- Understanding Job Satisfaction, Commitment, & Term Paper

Human Resources- Understanding Job Satisfaction, Commitment, & Employee Retention - Term Paper Example All these three aspects are interrelated to each other. If job satisfaction is positive then it leads to strong organizational commitment and this may result in high level of employee retention. If there is negative job satisfaction, the employees will reduce their commitment towards work and organization which ultimately results in high level of turnover rate. In this paper, details of job satisfaction, organizational commitment along with employee retention have been discussed succinctly. The paper also covers the relationship between the three factors in a precise way. Finally, the paper is enclosed with a few concluding lines about the entire topic. 2.0 Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is the result of emotional reaction related to the specific job situation. The satisfaction is dependent on the level of outcome of the job that means whether the employees can meet the result or exceed their expectations. Job satisfaction turns to be negative when the rewards are less and this ma y result in negative attitude towards the job (Tella & Et. Al., 2007). Job satisfaction is the affective response of an employee; therefore it can be a source or may be related to high productivity. It is a fact that â€Å"the satisfied worker is the productive worker†. Thus, satisfaction level of the worker is extensively related to the performance and quality of work. However, various studies have shown that satisfaction or dissatisfaction has no relation to the productivity of work. Satisfied workers may or may not be high producers and those employees who are high producers may not be interested in their jobs. Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction may not result in explicit behavior such as positive or negative influence in productivity, grievance, absenteeism, turnover and others. It may depend upon the personal characteristics of an employee that may be his or her personality and prospects for self expression lying on the job (Smith, n.d.). 3.0 Commitment Organizational commitment has been defined in various ways by Beckeri, Randal and Riegel (1995). It is considered as a strong aspiration of the employees to be a member of a particular organization. It is also defined as high level efforts that can be applied by employees for the organization and the employees’ acceptability related to the values as well as goals of the organization. Organizational commitment is associated with several factors such as personal factors, for example, age, professional periods in the organization, external or internal ascription. The other factors are organizational factors and these encompass job design, leadership style; and other non-organizational factors consist of availability of substitutes (Tella & Et. Al., 2007). According to Mowday, Porter and Steer (1982), organizational commitment is considered as an attachment and loyalty. There are three components related to organizational commitment which involve identification related to the goals as well as s tandards of the organization, desire to be associated with the organization and finally, an eagerness to show efforts for the organization (Mowday & Et. Al., 1982). Organizational commitment can also be termed as the power of the recognition of an individual and his attachment within the